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CONTENTS

*Introduction IX

CHAPTER I: ELEMENTS OF BASIC ENGLISH

*Basic Expressions 12
Language in Use 12
*The Alphabet 13
*Grammar Words 14
*Cardinal and Ordinal numbers 16
*Telephone Numbers 18
A typical phone call 19
Telling the time 20
*Days, Months, Seasons 21
Dates 22
*Nouns 24
Uncountable Nouns 28
*Compound Nouns 29
*Articles 30
*Have got/Has got 37
*There is/are 40
*Pronouns 43
*The possessive 45
Whose 52
Double Possessive 52
*The Indefinite Pronouns 53
*Quantifiers 60
*Adjectives and Adverbs 64
*Order of Adjectives 64
*Order of Adverbs 68
Comparative Adjectives 71
The more …. the more (Double Possesive) 73
Superlative Adjectives 74
As-Like 77

CHAPTER II: VERB TENSES
*Tenses in English 83
*Verb ‘ be ‘ 83
*Countries and Nationalites 87
*Interrogative Words 88
*The Simple Present Tense 94
Future with Simple Present 108
*The Present Continuous Tense 110
Non-Continuous Verbs 111
Future with Present Continuous 115
*The Simple Past Tense 117
*The Past Continuous Tense 128
* 'Going to' Future 132
*The Simple Future Tense 134
*The Future Continuous Tense 138
*The Present Perfect Tense 140
Gone-Been 144
*The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 145
*The Past Perfect Tense 148
*The Past Perfect Continuous Tense 153
*The Future Perfect Tense 157
*The Future Perfect Continuous Tense 160
*The Imperative 161
PREPOSITIONS 163

CHAPTER III : MODALS
May-Might 183
Can 183
Can  Could  Be able to 187
Must  Have to  Have got to 188
Needn’t 190
Should-Ought to 191
*Dare 194
*Need to +Don’t/Doesn’t need to +Needn’t 195
*Had better 196
*Managed to 196
*Be to 197
* Be allowed to 197
* Be obliged to 197
*Used to 197
*Past Modals 200

TAG QUESTIONS 203

CHAPTER IV : VERB PATTERNS

*Gerunds and Infinitives 207
Gerunds 209
Infinitives 210


CHAPTER V : THE PASSIVE

*The Passive……………………………………… 219
CAUSATIVE VERBS…………………………………… 231


CHAPTER VI : THE REPORTED SPEECH

*Reported Speech 237
No Changes in Tenses 241
Changes in expressions of time and place 242
Imperatives in Reported Speech 243
Yes-No Questions 244
WH-Questions 244
Exclamations 248
Mixed Types of sentences in reported speech 249


CHAPTER VII : THE CONDITIONAL

*Conditional Sentences 257
WISH CLAUSES 262

CHAPTER VIII : RELATIVE CLAUSES

*Relative Clauses 267
Defining 274
Non-Defining 279
Leaving out Relative Pronouns 282
Prepositions with Relative Clauses 284
Relative Clauses of Time, Place, and Reason 285
CHAPTER IX : STRUCTURAL ENGLISH

*Noun Clauses 289
*Inversion 291
*Linking Words 293
*Word Order in English 297
*Participle constructions 298
*Reducing Adverb Clauses 301


CHAPTER X: ADVERBS AND ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

*So … that/Such …. that 305
*Until-Since-Yet-Still-Already-Just 308
*Probably and Likely 308
*Let alone 308
*As  As soon as 309
*As long as 310
*As if 312
*Quite-Rather-Fairly 313
*Rather than 314
*No sooner than 315
*Hardly … when 316
*Because-Since-In order that-So-In order to 317
*Now that-Seeing that-In as much as 317
*Once 317
*Only if = Not unless 317
*Only too =Extremely 318
*Only to =but then 318
*One and only =Unique 318
*While-Meanwhile 318
*On account of the fact that 318
*Owing to the fact that 318
*In view of the fact that 319
*Because of the fact that 319
*Due to the fact that 319
*If-In case-In the event (that)-Provided / Providing that 319
*Unless-Whether or not-Suppose 319
*Except for-Except for the fact that 325
*Although-However-Yet 325
*Though-Even though-Much as 326
*While-In spite of the fact that-Whereas 326
*No matter +QW- However +Adj, Adv 327
*In spite of +Noun +-ing +the fact that 328
*Despite +Noun +-ing +the fact that 328
*Not only …. but also 330
*Both … and 333
*Instead of + Ving 334
*Also-Too-Either 335
*Either … or / Neither… nor 336
*So-Nor 340

DETERMINERS

All-All of-Another-Any-Both-Both Of-Every-Everything-No-Each-Each of-
Either (...or)-Neither-None-A few-A few of-Few-Few of-A little-A little of-Little-
A lot of-Lots of-Many-Many of- Much-Much of-Most-Most of-More-Neither (...nor)-
None of-Other-Several-Several of-Some-Some of 342

CHAPTER XI : MORE ABOUT FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH

*-Ever words 347
*Enough-Too 348
*Would like 349
*Let’s 350
*Polite questions 350
*Would you mind 350
*Would rather 351
*Degrees of certainty 351
*It’s time +Infinitive 352
*It’s no use +Ving 352
*It’s worth +Ving 352
*Can’t help +Ving 352

EXCLAMATIONS

*What 353
*What a/an 353
*How 353
CHAPTER XII: LANGUAGE IN USE

*American Spelling 357
*Some of the mostly used words in English 359
Get 359
Make 362
Made of-Made from-Made with 362
Made by-Made up of 362
Do 363
Have 363
Take 363
*Word Bank 365
*Learning Vocabulary 380
*Abbreviations 382
*What Animals Do 383
*Glossary of Idioms 384
*Derivatives 389
*Phrasal Verbs 397
*Some common phrasal verbs 397
*Common Irregular VERBS 401
*Proverbs 404
*Punctuation Marks 411
*The English Weights Table 412
*The English Table of Length 412
*Liquid Measure 412
*Ordinal Numbers 413
*Points to notice 413
*Confusing words and expressions 414
*Questions which are mostly asked by
the teachers of English 416
*Review of the grammatical structures 429
*Index 446
*Bibliography 451
*KEY 452